N+1 Redundancy in BSL-3 and ABSL-3 Laboratories
July 14, 2023
Redundancy is a “must” for BSL-3 and ABSL-3 laboratories. Although the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 6th Edition (BMBL) and the World Health Organization Biosafety Manual, 4th Edition (WHO) do not specifically mention N+1 critical equipment for BSL-3 or ABSL-3 laboratories (BMBL) or “heightened laboratories” (WHO), they both specify:
BMBL: “Loss of directional airflow may compromise safe laboratory operation.” – Page 16
WHO: “Laboratory ventilation where provided…should ensure airflows do not compromise safe working.” – Page 33
What is N+1 Redundancy?
N+1 redundancy is a risk reduction strategy used in critical containment environments such as BSL-3, ABSL-3, BSL-3Ag, BSL-4 or ABSL-4 laboratories to ensure operational reliability and containment during failure of system components to reduce risks to personnel, animal health, the public and the environment.
Building systems are made up of many components (e.g., fans, pumps, motors, variable frequency drives, control air valves, damper actuators, etc.). “N” refers to the component necessary for the system to operate. For systems that are critical to maintain containment, directional airflow, electrical power, water, fire protection, etc., an engineer provides an additional component N+1, or additional components N+2, etc., to reduce the risk of interruption of the building service serving the laboratory. These redundant components are capable of handling the full load of the building system in the event one of its primary components fails. This means that even if one of the primary components fails “N”, the redundant component “+1” takes over.
This is not unique to our industry. For instance, commercial jet airliner engines are redundant. Jet airliners are designed so that if there is a loss of one engine, the other engine takes over (N+1 redundancy). Likewise in the biocontainment industry, the electrical supply to the BSL-3 laboratory has N+1 redundancy. The “N” represents the utility that normally supplies electricity to your facility. The “+1” would be the redundant power supply (e.g., emergency generator, uninterruptible power supply, flywheel) that can provide enough power to run the entire or a portion of the building systems which serve the laboratory. Just like a commercial jet airliner, the laboratory will be able to operate until corrective action can be taken. This is extremely important for containment and especially for animal facilities as the animals will suffer if the building systems are not restored. Personnel can leave the laboratory while animals cannot. Deciding to what extent you provide redundant components (N+1, N+2, or N+3, etc.) requires a risk assessment.
What Does the BMBL and WHO Say?
The BMBL states, “A ducted mechanical air ventilation system is required. This system provides sustained directional airflow by drawing air into the laboratory from ‘clean’ areas toward ‘potentially contaminated’ areas. The laboratory is designed such that under failure conditions the airflow will not be reversed at the containment barrier”. The key words here are “under failure conditions.” The BMBL and WHO guidelines rely on the best tool we have in biocontainment: “risk assessment.”
Risk Assessment for N+1 Redundancy
Some factors we need to consider for N+1 redundancy when conducting a risk assessment are (among others):
- BSL-3 laboratory location (isolated, building, city, campus, etc.)
- Research protocol and volume of samples or biological material to be used
- Budget
- BSL-3 laboratory size
- Design intent and acceptance criteria
- Capability for ease of annual testing of HVAC and electrical systems
When World BioHazTec consults on the design of containment laboratories located at universities, research campuses and public health laboratories, meeting the N+1 redundancy provision is a group decision with input from the biosafety officer, users, facilities management, designers and cost estimators to reduce risk to an acceptable level. The resultant design needs to be reviewed for performance criteria, especially for the timing of the transfer from the failed component to the redundant component. This is particularly important for the electrical and HVAC components’ sequence of operation to restore the system to full operation parameters. The restoration of a system with the redundant component is a critical operation which needs to be observed and documented to show there was not an airflow reversal caused by the redundant component taking over. A robust sequence of operation and programming, supported by a strong biosafety program which addresses system failure events, reduces risk and documents performance. For more information about N+1 redundancy, risk assessment and laboratory design, contact World BioHazTec for a free consultation, or send us an email.
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Outsourcing Training for Work in Critical Environments
When managing a high-containment facility, such as a BSL-3 lab, safety is paramount. Training staff to handle biological hazards properly and operate within stringent protocols can literally be a matter of life and death. A critical question many organizations face is whether to develop training programs in-house or outsource this training to a specialized provider. We’ll explore barriers to in-house development and delivery of quality training and why outsourcing your training for high-consequence workplaces could be the best option for your organization. What are your barriers to faster learning design and development? A recent survey conducted by the Association for Talent Development (ATD), which has supported instructional developers of employee training programs worldwide for over 80 years, identified eight top barriers to faster learning design and development.[1] The top three barriers are: Adapted from DeFelice, R. 2021. ATD Blog. Rounding out the top eight barriers include lack of availability of Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) or stakeholders at 37%. In our experience, SMEs and stakeholders have many hats they wear, and their time is limited. Often, SMEs are outside of the organization and pose an additional expense to the development of in-house training, initially and annual updates to the curriculum. World BioHazTec uses the Successive Approximation Model (SAM) approach to instructional design. SAM is a three-phase process: Preparation Phase, Iterative Design Phase, and Iterative Development Phase.[2] SMEs and stakeholders are brought in at the initial outlining phase and then only as needed for review. Because this is an iterative process, by the time the final phase is reached, SMEs and stakeholders have agreed to the plans and there should be very few revisions, or scope creep, to the design and plans. This saves time for these busy professionals and reduces costs by managing time and scope. Limited learning infrastructure—such as access to dedicated systems, authoring tools, and networks—accounts for 35% of the barriers. Authoring tools and resources, such as licensed images, add to the expense. Additionally, online self-paced (asynchronous) learning modules require authoring tools to create interactive content with feedback, as well as a learning management system to deliver the modules effectively. The final three barriers are a lack of learning and development skills within the talent development team (25%), lack of accountability (when the talent development team or SMEs do not fulfill responsibilities or meet deadlines) (23%), and insufficient leadership or management support (19%). These barriers indicate that staff are often occupied with other duties, with training development frequently becoming a lower priority. How much extra time does your staff have? Developing in-house training programs takes time—far more than many organizations realize. According to ATD in its most recent survey, creating one hour of new classroom training can take anywhere from 112 to 367 hours to develop.[3] That means developing just a half-day session could consume weeks of work by several employees. Time that could be better spent on other critical functions of your lab. Also, think of the breadth of knowledge and skills required to operate and maintain a high-containment laboratory, both for inside and outside, from construction to cybersecurity, from environmental protection to personal safety. Biosafety professionals not only require training in performing their jobs safely, they are also involved in risk assessments and compliance with applicable regulations daily, and appropriate emergency response. Frequently, the biosafety professional is called upon to participate in the planning, design, and validation of a new biocontainment laboratory or renovation of an existing facility. “Biosafety professionals should have a foundation in all aspects of working in and around a high-containment laboratory and develop skills to ask questions in specific terms and have the confidence to question the answers.” -World BioHazTec Course Development Guide. [Internal Communication] Developing meaningful, high-quality training that addresses all necessary components typically requires more SMEs and stakeholders than a single facility may have available for training development. Outsourcing training development strengthens course quality by bringing together SMEs with various expertise for only the time that is necessary under the management of a proven training development team. Also, the development team can use resources already developed to tailor to the specific needs of your facility and staff, which saves time and resources. If you’re thinking of transitioning your existing training into an online format, the time investment can be even greater. Converting a course into effective web-based training requires expertise in instructional design, an investment in e-learning tools, an understanding of e-learning platforms, and the ability to ensure that virtual training still delivers the same level of engagement and effectiveness as in-person sessions. Just as with any training, online training and learning management systems must be monitored regularly and reports generated to stakeholders. Outsourcing this process to specialists not only saves your team countless hours but also ensures the training is designed by professionals with experience in biosafety, biosecurity, and online learning. A Fresh Perspective and Unbiased Assessment One of the key benefits of outsourcing your BSL-3 training is gaining access to an external team of experts who can offer a fresh perspective. When organizations develop their own training programs, there’s often a risk of becoming too close to the material, potentially missing gaps or risks that an SME might spot, offering a fresh perspective. An external provider can objectively assess your current protocols, highlight potential areas for improvement, and suggest best practices based on up-to-date industry standards. “Things change quickly …, so job responsibilities must evolve. If companies evolve their strategy and expect employees to expand their skill sets, offering a team continuous learning will help prevent them from falling behind.” [2] In high-stakes environments like BSL-3 labs, where even minor oversights can have serious consequences, having an unbiased third-party review can add an additional layer of safety. Expert consultants are experienced in tailoring their training programs to meet both your specific operational needs and strict regulatory requirements, ensuring your staff is fully equipped to handle emergencies and day-to-day challenges. CEUs and Professional Development Incentives Professional development is also a tool for employee retention. “About 80 percent of employees rank professional development and continuous learning as high priorities when job hunting. And 94 percent of employees say if an employer invested more in learning and development, they would stay longer at an organization.” [3] Another significant advantage of outsourcing BSL-3 training is the ability to offer Continuing Education Units (CEUs). If your training provider is accredited, they can award CEUs to participants which can be used to maintain certification with professional organizations. This ensures your team remains compliant with the latest industry developments and ongoing certification requirements. It also provides an added incentive for staff to engage in the training. CEUs enhance the perceived value of the training, as they provide tangible career benefits to employees. By outsourcing, you can integrate this offering into your program without the burden of navigating the lengthy accreditation process yourself. Outsourcing Offers Expertise, Efficiency, and Compliance The decision to outsource BSL-3 training boils down to efficiency and safety. By partnering with an experienced external provider, you’re investing in expert insights, saving substantial time, and ensuring your team has access to accredited, top-tier training. Not only does this free up your internal resources, but it also offers peace of mind knowing your staff is receiving the most current and comprehensive training available. So, should you outsource your BSL-3 training? For most organizations, the answer is a resounding yes. World BioHazTec provides extensive professional development training. Schedule a free consultation to learn more about our customized training offerings. [1] DeFelice, R. 2021. ATD Blog. Retrieved from https://www.td.org/content/atd-blog/how-long-does-it-take-to-develop-training-new-question-new-answers [2] Allen, M. (2012). Leaving ADDIE for SAM – An agile model for developing the best learning experiences. Washington DC: American Society for Training and Development. [3] Based on survey average module length of 23 minutes, the variance was 43 to 141 hours with an average of 67 hours. These results were used to calculate times to develop a one-hour module. [4] Rozensweig, F. 2022. Retrieved from https://www.td.org/atd-blog/shift-from-onboarding-to-everboarding. [5] Rosenzweig, F. 2022. ATD blog. Retrieved from https://www.td.org/content/atd-blog/shift-from-onboarding-to-everboarding
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The 5 Strategic Advantages of Certifying Your BSL-3 Facility
Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) incidents are rare, yet their repercussions are monumental. Operating at BSL-3 demands meticulous protocols and unwavering risk mitigation. While rare, any lapses can have far-reaching and potentially devastating consequences. In this article, we explore the significance of BSL-3 certification. Even though it may not be mandatory in your country, it proves to be a vital strategic move. 1. Professional Accountability In a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) facility, professional accountability emerges as the first compelling intention. Activities in a BSL-3 facility include the propagation of high-risk pathogens and long-term storage. This entails a profound responsibility. Researchers operating within BSL-3 facilities are accountable for ensuring not only their safety but also the safety of their colleagues, the community, and the environment. Certification acts as a tangible manifestation of this commitment, demonstrating to stakeholders and regulatory bodies that the organization embraces the gravity of their work. Beyond biosafety, BSL-3 certification also underscores the importance of stringent biosecurity measures, ensuring the safeguarding of these pathogens against unauthorized access and potential misuse. By obtaining BSL-3 certification, operators signal their dedication to maintaining the highest standards of both biosafety and biosecurity, fostering a culture of responsibility and accountability within the facility and beyond. 2. Public Health Preparedness Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) facilities play an indispensable role in public health preparedness. When a pandemic strikes, BSL-3 facilities stand at the forefront of the fight, equipped with the expertise and infrastructure necessary to handle and analyze high-risk pathogens. These facilities serve as vital hubs for research, diagnostics, and the development of therapeutic interventions. BSL-3 certification, in this context, becomes a strategic asset, signifying a commitment to being at the forefront of global health emergencies. It positions the facility to swiftly and effectively respond to emerging threats, contributing significantly to public health resilience and preparedness on a global scale. When the real test of a pandemic arrives, a certified BSL-3 laboratory signifies a prepared laboratory, with competent professionals adeptly executing their roles, ensuring a prompt and effective response to safeguard public health. 3. Creating a Safe and Secure Culture In a certified BSL-3 facility, a dedicated commitment to establishing a culture of biosafety and biosecurity is evident. This certification stands as a tangible testament to the management’s unwavering dedication to continuously enhancing biosafety and biosecurity measures. It mirrors a proactive approach towards nurturing a workplace culture that places the well-being of its staff and the integrity of its operations at the forefront. The certification process mandates rigorous adherence to standards, promoting continuous training and evaluation. This level of commitment resonates with the laboratory personnel, instilling confidence that their management is wholeheartedly invested in cultivating an environment where biosafety and biosecurity take precedence. 4. Safety Equals Quality A certified BSL-3 facility not only prioritizes safety and security but also indirectly contributes to the overall quality of results. Taking reference from the World Health Organization’s Handbook on Laboratory Quality Management System, laboratory safety is a cornerstone for establishing robust laboratory practices. By fostering a culture of strict adherence to biosafety protocols, certified BSL-3 facilities systematically integrate quality management principles into their daily operations. This meticulous approach not only safeguards the well-being of personnel but also ensures the integrity of laboratory processes. As safety practices become ingrained in the laboratory’s ethos following international quality management principles, the probability of errors and contamination diminishes, leading to consistently high-quality research outcomes. In essence, the commitment to safety in a certified BSL-3 facility reinforces the crucial connection between safety practices and the reliability of scientific results. 5. International Collaboration Opportunities A certified BSL-3 facility, known for its adherence to rigorous safety and security standards, builds credibility and trust within the scientific community. Collaborators and funding agencies, especially those from different countries, are more likely to engage with a facility that is recognized for its commitment to maintaining high-quality, safe, and secure research environments. BSL-3 facilities that demonstrate adherence to internationally recognized certification standards also make themselves attractive partners for collaborations assuring that research will be conducted in a secure environment, minimizing the likelihood of accidents or incidents. Conclusion In the pursuit of scientific excellence, BSL-3 certification emerges not merely as a commitment to safety but as a strategic gateway to collaborative possibilities. A certified BSL-3 facility, fortified by rigorous safety and security standards, amplifies credibility within the scientific community and encourages collaboration on a global scale. Let World BioHazTec be your strategic partner in preparing your facility to meet our certification requirements, widely acknowledged as the gold standard in BSL-3 certification. Contact World BioHazTec (WBHT) to schedule a free 30-minute consultation or send us an email. You are a conversation away from starting down a successful pathway to meet BSL-3 facility compliance.
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Five Design Considerations for Animal Laboratories
At the beginning of the design process, there are many decisions that must be made regarding equipment, sinks, showers, biological safety cabinets (BSCs), and other primary barrier equipment, the configuration of the HVAC system, and contingencies based upon the facility design elements required by the agents that will be worked with or studied. Sustainability, maintainability, and energy usage must also be factored into the design. Organizational preferred operations must be included, and SOPs often dictate final designs. Spatial relationships need to be evaluated to determine flow and function. When animals are part of the laboratory work, additional design features are needed which add complexity to the design. 1. Design Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations for Animal Laboratories Paramount to safety is the understanding of the application and intent of biosafety and biocontainment guidelines. Biosafety design is based upon risk assessment. The design team should be accustomed to working with the Biosafety Officer, users, and stakeholders in formulating and documenting risk assessments when needed to support design decision-making. Determining your research goals or planned laboratory work, grant design requirements, and regulatory compliance will drive the design criteria. When designing an animal facility such as an ABSL-2 or ABSL-3 laboratory, beyond the compulsory local national and international guidance documents, you may want to also consider the following guidelines and standards: NIH Design Requirements Manual for Biocontainment Laboratories; U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Research Service Guidelines, (as applicable); Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC); National Research Council Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals; National Research Council Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals; and National Research Council Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates. 2. Odor The management of odor from animal facilities, autoclaving, waste treatment, and tissue digesters is unique to containment facilities. Elevator shafts and loading docks serve as pathways for the distribution of odors. Using positive pressured elevator vestibules, adjoining positive pressured corridors, and local ventilation can contain odors. Dedicating an elevator for vertical movement of animals from receiving to the animal suite will also control odors. Adding a pneumatic waste removal system can contain waste removal odors from the animal suite to the building loading dock area. These engineering controls allow for the placement of vivariums anywhere vertically in a research tower instead of the traditional basement location. 3. Noise Subjecting animals to noise and vibration can have significant impact on animal reproduction and sensory development, behavior, and can expose animals to injury startle responses. The location of rotating machinery in animal facilities can stress animals, so cage washing areas and mechanical spaces with fans and pumps need to be distanced from animal holding areas. Another source of noise is the ventilation system with elevated room level supply and exhaust noise. In addition to negatively affecting animals, this can also affect workers’ communication and awareness to their surroundings. 4. Space Requirements Caging design, rack sizes and types, and animal model are key factors in analyzing space requirements. Identifying the maximum number of types of animals to be housed according to biosafety level can maximize space utilization for the present and the future. This information bears heavily on the design approach to room space allocation, cage washing equipment, whether disposable caging is more economical, cage changing stations or BSCs, and watering system versus bottle caging. 5. Emergency Signaling Systems Placement of emergency signaling systems (e.g., fire alarm, HVAC failure alarm, room pressurization alarm, security alarm) is essential to alert personnel to act. Signaling systems must be accessible for lab personnel, biosafety officers, and emergency response personnel. Ever conscious of animals, the alarms cannot be strobing in holding facilities so as not to stress animals. Animal Laboratory Design Recommendations In analyzing the final design, emphasis needs to be placed on the details. Constant referral to the research program requirements, containment guidelines, lessons learned, project construction and operating budgets, and the completeness of the design documents are essential to a successful design that meets the users’ and the stakeholders’ needs and provides sustainability. Efforts spent in design by an integrated team of users, professionals, and stakeholders will culminate in a safe, sustainable, efficient, and secure research facility. Are you planning to build or renovate a BSL-3/ABSL-3 laboratory? No matter what project phase you are in, contact World BioHazTec (WBHT) to schedule a free 30-minute consultation or send us an email. We can prepare a feasibility study, develop conceptual designs with cost estimates, perform a site assessment, peer review design documents, commission/certify your animal facility, and train staff. You are a conversation away from starting down a successful pathway to meet containment compliance and sustainability.
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